Researches conducted over an area of 349.3 ha of forest land were aimed at determining high conservation values (HCVs), the types of forests and types of ecosystems. After consulting forest management plans at Bihor County Forestry Directorate, the researches performed in the field, 25 management units (mu) containing high conservation values, rare, endangered, endemic, relict species, rare natural ecosystems of community interest, were selected and analyzed on the basis of a table

This paper aims to conduct research on the quality of wood in the case of a certain forest species (i.e. Turkey Oak or Quercus Cerris), and the variation on terms of quality under the influence of different factors, provided also the conditions within its spreading area in our country. When compared to standing trees, round pieces of raw wood (logs) provide additional information given the possibility to visualize their internal structure, emerged on their cross-sections at the tree ends; a special attention will be paid to foot log (standing timber), namely to the first round wood piece at trunk bottom, incorporating the highest quality wood of the whole tree and encompassing a significant share of its volume. After sectioning of a number of three Turkey Oak trees, a total of 30 pieces (samples) of Turkey Oak raw round wood resulted which were subject to research in order to identify and quantify their main natural internal defects.

Acacia (Robinia spp), as main genus in the forestry culture, presents special importance in our country, it distinguishes itself by a particularly dense wood used both in constructions and as fire wood. Aside from these two uses acacia also distinguishes itself by multiple other uses, such as: it is the most melliferous forest tree in our country, it can be successfully used in stabilising slopes respectively landslides, stabilising sand dunes in agricultural regions such as those from Valea lui Mihai in Bihor county, in the plain area for the formation of wind protection forest curtains of agricultural lands, hunting grounds. At global level it joins the other species of plants capable of storing atmospheric carbon in trunk, branches and root and the soil on which it is cultivated is also enriched by the input of atmospheric nitrogen which the plant fixates in the soil via roots, forming nodosities of the Azotobacter type. It is known that in Romania the acacia generally prefers the warm regions, with gentle, long autumns, safe from early frosts. The specialized literature as well as the experience of the past years confirmed the fact that acacia is a capable and available species, a species which presents impressive advantages from the standpoint of biomass production in agroforestry systems. For the forestation of a land surface, when we use the general planting scheme of 2x1(m), a number of 5000 plants/ha is necessary, upon establishing the agroforestry cultures for the production of wooden biomass this number of plants grows proportionally based on the adopted planting scheme, so that the final number of plants/ha used upon establishing such a culture doubles in the majority of cases. Moreover one presents in the paper several legislative aspects regarding the commercialization of the reproductive forestry materials.

Using the hydrogen fuel cell and the methanol fuel cell to produce electricity, represent a high efficient solution and an ecological friendly method. The combustion is based on hydrogen and methanol that can be obtained properly and during the functioning of the fuel cell the pollution is very low.

The study aims to support a method of initiation in vitro cultures of seeds and minicuttings of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and to identify the effect of activated charcoal on Vaccinium myrtillus inoculums in subculture, to optimize rootedness or callus process, even in the absence of growth regulators. Initiation of in vitro cultures of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) was successful, either from seeds or from minicuttings, on medium MB-MS - G with the addition of 2 mg/ l BA and 0.1 mg / l IBA. Activated charcoal 2% added to the in vitro bilberry culture medium led to stimulate only caulogenesis, but to decrease the survival rate of seedlings, by changing the pH of culture medium, which increases the value of 8, which favoured - in our laboratory conditions - the emergence of infections loving alkaline pH and loss of culture. In the step of multiplication of the callus, the activated charcoal led to lower its rate of necrosis, but also to changes in pH, as well. The initiation and proliferation of callus from bilberry was carried out under optimum conditions on culture medium with the addition of 3 mg /l 2.4 D, lacking activated charcoal, to yield a friable callus.

The researches efectuated at Agricultural Research and Development Station Oradea in an experience set in 1999 highlited the influence of six types of green manure, pure culture and mixed, and 2 doses of manure on macro-structural hidrostability, bulk density, porosity, strength pentetration and hydraulic conductivity, specific physical indices determinants in achieving favorable conditions for growing of crops.In all variants organic fertilized the compaction degree decreasing, bulk density values being 2.1% - 10.8% lower than in the unfertilized variant. The biggest differences were registered in variants with manure and in variants with mixture green manure bulk density values were lower than in variants with pure green manure crop. As a result, total porsity values increased in all variants organically fertilized. Mixture of green manure determined the obtaining of better values of hydraulic conductivity compared with green manure pure culture.

The purpose of this study is to provide a complex analysis of the monthly and annual air temperature regimes in the area of Sacueni over a period of 45 years, that is, from 1970 to 2014. The multiannual air temperature average is 10.6ºC. There were more years with annual values below the multiannual average, 51.1%, while in 42.2% of the cases the values were above it. The lowest temperature is recorded in January, with a multiannual average of -0.8ºC, and the highest in July, an average of 21.3ºC.

The research objective was to study the abiotic stress exerted by the two antibiotics or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (AMO-C) and tetracycline (TET) on germination of triticale in vitro culture (Triticosecale wittmack). On this line, after disinfection, the triticale kernels were placed to germinate on Murashige-Skoog culture medium with added of Gamborg vitamins (control) and supplemented with 2.2 mg / l amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid or 0.6 mg / l tetracycline. After 10 days of incubation, both antibiotics have led to inhibition of germination and of growth of the triticale plantlets, many tiny absorbent hairs on embryonic rootlets formation, as a react on additional stress generated in response to the presence of antibiotics in the culture media.

The form of the trees is a challenge for more than two centuries and yet it remained a current matter that must keep up with technological development. This issue needs answers in real time. To explain and model the taper (tree stem), researchers use various geometrical objects (neiloid, cone, paraboloid, cylinder) and form equations. Solving the problems concerning cone, paraboloid or composite formes is achieving satisfying results using the traditional approach of analytic geometry. In this paper, we have presented, on the basis of data sets, how using classical geometry or equations may create standards that can approximate the taper of trees. The species of trees chosed is spruce, (Picea abies L., H. Karst.) situated in the limit of the ecological species habitat. In the second part of the article we have carried out an experiment through which was tested informations obtained through mathematical modeling of taper form. The results indicate that there are differences between the three different models selected, which under certain conditions can be significant. The environmental factor is the main cause of taper form variability even in restricted areas, sometimes within the same production unit. That induces many iregular shapes which can be retrieved in the proposed models.

In Bukovina, north Romania during Austro-Hungarian empire reign, were built wooden bridges representing the connection between communities. Most of the buildings were made of hardwood in the case of supporting pillars in order to offer a higher stability. The lower part of pillars remained the evidence of these buildings, because the top part was damaged in the period of the two world wars. From the wood material identified it was sampled one slice from each piece and dendrochronological analyses were performed to establish the exact period when the trees have been cut. In addition, it was evaluated the possibility that wood used in constructions could be reused since ancient times. Finally, it was established the oak wood provenience and the year when the bridge was built with an error of about 1 year, based on observations of anatomical elements of wood sap. For cross-dating were used various statistical indicators that capture with high finesse the similarity traits between dendrochronological series.

The paper presents a phytocoenologic study of acidophilic sessile oak forests of Sohodol Valley in Padurea Craiului Mountains. In the acidophilic sessile oak forests we identified the Genisto tinctoriae-Quercetum petraeae association Klika 1932. In the synthetic table of association a number of 5 phytocoenologic relevées were analyzed. They were made on Sohodol Valley in 2016. The phytocoenoses of the association were studied in terms of floristic composition, life forms, floristic elements and ecological factors (moisture, temperature and chemical reaction of the soil).

The paper presents some legislative aspects on the certification of the exploitation companies and the conditions that they must fulfil regarding the labour force and provision with specialised personnel. Within the planning of the exploitation operations, the importance of knowing/establishing the number of workers necessary for the exploitation of a coupe is presented, so that the economic agent could comply with the agreed exploitation period and be able to organize its exploitation activities as well as possible. As a case study, ten exploitation coupes have been chosen that are programmed for 2016 (two coupes for each accessibility grade), with a gross volume of about 1000mc/coupe. The time on exploitation activities as well as the minimum number of workers according to the exploitation period has been determined. The exploitation period is the factor that influences the most the necessary number of workers, altogether with the volume to be exploited, the number of available equipment, accessibility grade, working conditions, etc.

The frequency of hazardous weather events which can occur over the whole year in the area of Oradea is analysed is this paper using meteorological data recorded at the Oradea weather station over a period of 45 years (1970-2014). Due to the temperate continental climate with oceanic influences, the most frequent hazardous weather events which can occur over the whole year are: fog, foggy air, haze and strong wind. In the area of Oradea, the multiannual average of foggy days is 33.7 days. Depending on the synoptic conditions of formation, the most common is radiation fog, which occurs frequently along the valley of Crisul Repede. This hydrometeor also occurs when over a radiatively cooled air mass flows a warmer air mass, which results in the formation of advection-radiation fog. Another type of fog occurring in Oradea is frontal fog, which arrives along with the atmospheric fronts it accompanies. The multiannual average of days with foggy air 175.9 days, with variations between 267 days in 1980 and 110 days in 1990 and 2000. In Oradea, the number of days with strong wind and haze is low, the multiannual averages being around 2 days.

The paper analyzed the spatial and temporal variability of the squall phenomenon that occurred in Maramures county. In this regard, the meteorological data on the annual number of days with squall were used, from 4 weather stations, during the period 1961-2007. The mean, maximum and minimum annual number of days with squall, the frequency of the phenomenon, the decennial distribution and the linear trend of the annual number of days with the phenomenon were analyzed. The result was that in Maramures county is recorded, on average, between 0.2-1.2 days with squall per year. The largest mean annual number is reported at the northernmost station, Sighetu Marmatiei, then at Baia Mare. The squall does not occur every year on the analyzed territory. Baia Mare station records the highest annual frequency of occurrence of the phenomenon, and Iezer the lowest. The linear trend of the annual number of days with squall is increasing at Baia Mare and Ocna Sugatag stations and decreasing at Sighetu Marmatiei and Iezer stations.

Present case study has as objectives analysis of the possibilities of agricultural drought monitoring from the center of Cri?urilor Plain, using SPI values, calculatedwith Log normal and Gamma functions, highlighting the differences between the two types of values (SPI Log and SPI Gamma) and assessing conditions indicated for the use each tooth these functions with the help of correlationson theyields performed by the main crops in the area. The influence of the two probabilistic functions on the values of SPI was studied using an experimental device consisting of three durations of drought: long (12 months) medium (6 months) and short (1 month) and 3 different lengths of periods with recordings of precipitations from Oradea, Bihor: 66 (1946-2012), 44 (1968-2012) and 22 agricultural years(1990-2012). SPI Log normal and SPI Gamma values used to analyze agricultural droughts are different, Log normal function leading to lower values than those obtained with the Gamma function, in the negative values, exaggerates the intensity of droughts. SPI Log normal values may be used to analyze agricultural droughts from Cri?urilor Plain, when the interval of records is short (22 years) and durations of droughts long (agricultural year) or medium (cold season and warm season) when the differences between SPI Log normal and SPI Gamma are acceptable.

Researches conducted over an area of 349.3 ha of forest land were aimed at determining high conservation values (HCVs), the types of forests and types of ecosystems. After consulting forest management plans at Bihor County Forestry Directorate, the researches performed in the field, 25 management units (mu) containing high conservation values, rare, endangered, endemic, relict species, rare natural ecosystems of community interest, were selected and analyzed on the basis of a table.

This paper aims to conduct research on the quality of wood in the case of a certain forest species (i.e. Turkey Oak or Quercus Cerris), and the variation on terms of quality under the influence of different factors, provided also the conditions within its spreading area in our country. When compared to standing trees, round pieces of raw wood (logs) provide additional information given the possibility to visualize their internal structure, emerged on their cross-sections at the tree ends; a special attention will be paid to foot log (standing timber), namely to the first round wood piece at trunk bottom, incorporating the highest quality wood of the whole tree and encompassing a significant share of its volume. After sectioning of a number of three Turkey Oak trees, a total of 30 pieces (samples) of Turkey Oak raw round wood resulted which were subject to research in order to identify and quantify their main natural internal defects.

The researches were carried out during 2009-2011 in the Agricultural Research and Development Station Oradea, on the hill with 10% slope, in the plots for check flow. The soil losses were determined every year. The erosion was present in each of the three years studied, measured determined in leakage plot with a slope of 10% showed that the highest soil losses were recorded in the variant with black fallow (20 3 t/ha/year in 2016, 41.38 t / ha / year in 2015 and 52.68 t / ha / year in 2014). In variant cultivated with maize from the top to the valley soil losses exceeded the losses caused by maize sown on the level curves direction in all three years studied.

The paper is based on research carried out at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Oradea within a long term experiment which began in 1976 at a site with preluvosoil, in Oradea. The research was conducted between 2014 and 2016, in years very different climatically. Determination of soil moisture every ten days within a depth of 0-75 cm shows that in the case of unirrigated potato the soil water reserve dropped below easily available water content 75 days in 2014, 58 days in 2015 and 27 days in 2016, water reserve dropped below the wilting point. In order to maintain soil water reserve between easily available water content and field capacity within a depth of 0-75 cm, in 2014 the irrigation rate used was 3,700 m3/ha, in 2015 it was 2,800 m3/ha, and in 2016 the irrigation rate was 1,200 m3/ha. As consequence the total water consumption was higher by 41% in 2014, by 43% in 2015 and by 18% in 2016. The irrigation of potato determined a statistically very significant yield gains, with relative differences of 206% in 2014, of 119% in 2015 and of 40% in 2016. The drop of soil water reserve below easily available water content within the watering depth, the influence of irrigation on water consumption and the yield gains obtained in each year of the research show the need of irrigation in potato in the Crisurilor Plain.

Acacia (Robinia spp), as main genus in the forestry culture, presents special importance in our country, it distinguishes itself by a particularly dense wood used both in constructions and as fire wood. Aside from these two uses acacia also distinguishes itself by multiple other uses, such as: it is the most melliferous forest tree in our country, it can be successfully used in stabilising slopes respectively landslides, stabilising sand dunes in agricultural regions such as those from Valea lui Mihai in Bihor county, in the plain area for the formation of wind protection forest curtains of agricultural lands, hunting grounds. At global level it joins the other species of plants capable of storing atmospheric carbon in trunk, branches and root and the soil on which it is cultivated is also enriched by the input of atmospheric nitrogen which the plant fixates in the soil via roots, forming nodosities of the Azotobacter type. It is known that in Romania the acacia generally prefers the warm regions, with gentle, long autumns, safe from early frosts. The specialized literature as well as the experience of the past years confirmed the fact that acacia is a capable and available species, a species which presents impressive advantages from the standpoint of biomass production in agroforestry systems. For the forestation of a land surface, when we use the general planting scheme of 2x1(m), a number of 5000 plants/ha is necessary, upon establishing the agroforestry cultures for the production of wooden biomass this number of plants grows proportionally based on the adopted planting scheme, so that the final number of plants/ha used upon establishing such a culture doubles in the majority of cases. Moreover one presents in the paper several legislative aspects regarding the commercialization of the reproductive forestry materials.

The purpose of this study was to obtain in vitro Paulownia tomentosa L. vigorous and less expensive seedlings than the traditional method. Micropropagation was performed starting from the seed germinated made in sterile culture medium Murashihe-Skoog (1962) ½ with Gamborg et al. (1968) ½ vitamin, solid, without growth regulators. At 3 months from the germinated were obtained seedlings with 3-4 cm stem size with a well-developed root system, capable to ex vitro transfer. Plantlets acclimatization survival percentage was 65% in peat: perlite 2: 1 substrate. By comparison with traditional breeding methods we found that the production of in vitro seedlings assumed three times less cost, but it disadvantage is still producing clones devoid of genetic variability.

The study purpose was to initiate Prunus laurocerasus Novita in vitro cultures from minicuttings and in vitro rootedness process stimulation with activated charcoal. Initiating the in vitro culture plant heavily depends by the donor plant health, respectively by its endogenous contamination with various microorganisms. Prunus laurocerasus initiation from minicuttings was successful on MB-MS + G, solidified culture medium, with 0.1 mg / l IBA and 2 mg / l BA and optimal time for sodium hypochlorite 5% plus Tween 20 disinfections was 12 minutes. Explants provided from polluted with dust (roadside - curtains of dust) area had endogenous infections and were impossible to initiated in vitro, compared with explants from an unpolluted area (protected). A fact still unclear occurred on MS medium with added charcoal 2%, namely changing the pH value from 5.7 to 8. We suppose that change favoured the growth of certain bacteria (already in the growth chamber), and the entire culture of this experimental lot loss. In the control group, with no activated charcoal, the pH was maintained at levels similar to those of the initial and bacterial infections have not been shown. We intend to continue research on pH modification during in vitro culture and identify bacterial species.

The paper is based on the research carried out in the research field for establishing the soilwater-balance placed in 1976 in Agricultural Research and Development Station Oradea on the preluvosoil. The pedological drought was present each year for alfalfa year I and for alfalfa year II. The optimum regimen of average irrigation included norms of irrigation of 3050 m3/ha for alfalfa year II and of 2595 m3/ha for alfalfa year I, the average number of irrigations being 7, respectively 6. Under the influence of irrigation the values of pF and the values of porosity of aeration were improved. The water/temperature + light report characterizes the microclimate of the irrigated alfalfa as „wet II” and of the non irrigated as „average drought”. The daily consumption of water of irrigated alfalfa and the total consumption of water of alfalfa. The irrigation determined the obtaining of an average increase of production of 57,6% (year I) and 51,9 % (year II).

The paper is based on the research carried out during 2014-2015 on the preluvosoil from Agricultural Research and Development Station Oradea. The years of experiment were very different climatical conditions point of view. In terms of 2014, the lowest yields were obtained in monoculture, yield gain due to application of irrigation were 41% in wheat-corn crop rotation and 85% at wheatcorn-soybeans crop rotation. The lower yields were obtained in monoculture. Differences in monoculture are smaller in rotation wheat-maize and higher in rotation wheat -maize-soybean. Both under irrigation and unirrigation conditions, initial water supply determined at the depth of 0-150 cm had a higher value in crop rotation wheat-maize-soybean-wheat in comparison with wheat-maize rotation and monoculture. The small amount of maize kernels obtained from 1 m3 of water used was obtained in monoculture. In wheat-maize crop rotation and especially wheat-maize-soybean crop rotation the water used efficiency values are higher than in monoculture. Compared with monoculture in wheat-maize crop rotation irrigation water use efficiency by maize increased with 45% in 2014 and 47% in 2015; in crop rotation wheat-maize-soybean differences registered compared with monoculture were 94% in 2014 and 92% in 2015.

Hydro was most exploited, even if lately, hydropower implementing programs in countries emerging were delayed because of financing, or social or environmental reasons. Unlocking the potential of hydropower streams, in our country, it should be treated with a maximum interest in the perspective shifting production of clean energy, especially due to the fact that the share of hydraulic energy exploited in Romania, represents less than half of that achieved in European countries, If hydrological and geo-climatic conditions comparable to those in our country. Due to the relatively limited energy resources, relative to the increasing needs, development of human society requires intensive exploitation of all forms of energy. Forestry, by its binary (with specific biological and technical) should participate in solving energy problems. The hydropower potential is the energy available to a volume of water and hydropower resources expresses the value of the rivers, on a given area. The water course (stream) analyzed and presented in this paper (Craiasa Valley) is located in the mountainous area of Bihor County (northwestern Romania), ie where there are favorable conditions for the development and exploitation of hydropower potential. From measurements of flow and level differences conducted during 2005-2010 was done the analysis and evaluation of the merits of the hydropower potential of this stream. Thus, Craiasa Valley sectors were defined watercourse ki, starting with the k1, the first after the spring, resulting in a total of eight sectors, denoted by k1, k2 ... .k8 from the source to the control section, for analysis hydropower potential hydropower cadastre and representation. It was found that the hydropower potential of the Craiasa Valley is directly influenced by great differences in level (considered by sectors) in connection with the flow, and not of the basin surface or length of water to which it is registered. It should be noted that the maximum considered, are recorded within the basin, excluding those in control sections (hydrological stations).

This paper presents the study conducted on the level of air pollution with nitrogen dioxide in the city of Satu Mare in 2014-2015. The degree of air pollution with nitrogen dioxide is monitored by the Satu Mare Environmental Protection Agency (APM Satu Mare) in its four sampling points located in different parts of Satu Mare. A sampling point is in the central area of the city, at the venue of the APM Satu Mare, the next one is in the industrial area found in the north of the city (?oimoseni St). The third sampling point is located in the industrial area around Magnoliei St, while the fourth one at the junction of Burdea St and Careiului Rd. The data on the degree of air pollution were obtained from the four sampling points. The evolution of the average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide at the four sampling points shows that the maximum permissible concentration, 100 µg/m3, was not exceeded.

Woody species in the national forest formations are found in different forest stands forming a structural and functional complexity varied. The study shows genetic interpopulational variability doubly important, fundamental and applied. A large area of forest is regenerated based on afforestation material derived from natural forests, respectively reserves of seeds selected according to the particular phenotypic properties (growth, uniformity, shape). They serve at the discretion silvicultural characters variability of populations originating in practical terms, to identify the best seed sources for reforestation. Comparison of molecular and phenotypic their plan allows understanding the evolution of populations of forest trees. An aspect of great present interest in the context of preserving the forest’s genetic resources, is the genetic improvement of the beech, either by promoting genetic principles through sewing work and natural regeneration, or by using a reproduction material in the sewing, material resulted from a process of guided modification of genetic structure.

The paper analyzed the wet, normal and dry years during the period 1961-2013, from 4 weather stations located in Maramures County. The positive and negative annual precipitation anomalies were established by the method of Standardized Precipitation Anomaly (SPA). The climatic hazards generated by the excess and deficit of precipitation were established based on the extreme annual SPA values, using the percentile method. The result was that in Maramures, the pluviometric surplus of the wettest years was more intense than the pluviometric deficit of the driest years. The hazards generated by the pluviometric surplus may occur starting from annual amounts of precipitation over 950-1550 mm and positive SPA values over 1.36–1.68. The hazards generated by pluviometric deficit may occur starting from annual precipitation amounts of less than 575-1025 mm and negative SPA values lower than 1.23–1.53. At most stations, a linear trend of increase in annual SPA values was revealed. The longest droughty period in Maramures was 1982-1996 and the most intense rainy period was 1998-2010.